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A torque converter in modern usage, is normally a fluid coupling that is utilized to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, like for example an electric motor or an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. Similar to a basic fluid coupling, the torque converter takes the place of a mechanized clutch. This enables the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter could provide the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque whenever there is a substantial difference between output and input rotational speed.
The fluid coupling kind is actually the most popular kind of torque converter utilized in auto transmissions. In the 1920's there were pendulum-based torque or Constantinesco converter. There are various mechanical designs used for constantly variable transmissions which could multiply torque. For example, the Variomatic is one version which has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
The 2 element drive fluid coupling is incapable of multiplying torque. Torque converters have an part called a stator. This changes the drive's characteristics during times of high slippage and generates an increase in torque output.
Inside a torque converter, there are a minimum of three rotating elements: the turbine, to drive the load, the impeller which is driven mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator. The stator is between the impeller and the turbine so that it can change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Usually, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be prevented from rotating under whatever condition and this is where the word stator starts from. In point of fact, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still permitting forward rotation.
Modifications to the basic three element design have been integrated periodically. These adjustments have proven worthy specially in application where higher than normal torque multiplication is required. More often than not, these modifications have taken the form of many stators and turbines. Every set has been intended to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Various examples consist of the Dynaflow that uses a five element converter to be able to generate the wide range of torque multiplication considered necessary to propel a heavy vehicle.
Even though it is not strictly a part of classic torque converter design, various automotive converters include a lock-up clutch to be able to lessen heat and so as to improve cruising power transmission effectiveness. The application of the clutch locks the turbine to the impeller. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses associated with fluid drive.
