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The starter motor of today is typically either a series-parallel wound direct current electric motor which consists of a starter solenoid, that is similar to a relay mounted on it, or it could be a permanent-magnet composition. When current from the starting battery is applied to the solenoid, mainly via a key-operated switch, the solenoid engages a lever which pushes out the drive pinion that is positioned on the driveshaft and meshes the pinion using the starter ring gear which is found on the flywheel of the engine.
The solenoid closes the high-current contacts for the starter motor, that begins to turn. Once the engine starts, the key operated switch is opened and a spring inside the solenoid assembly pulls the pinion gear away from the ring gear. This particular action causes the starter motor to stop. The starter's pinion is clutched to its driveshaft by an overrunning clutch. This permits the pinion to transmit drive in just a single direction. Drive is transmitted in this particular manner via the pinion to the flywheel ring gear. The pinion continuous to be engaged, like for example in view of the fact that the driver fails to release the key as soon as the engine starts or if the solenoid remains engaged because there is a short. This actually causes the pinion to spin separately of its driveshaft.
This aforesaid action stops the engine from driving the starter. This is actually an important step because this particular kind of back drive would enable the starter to spin very fast that it would fly apart. Unless adjustments were done, the sprag clutch arrangement will stop making use of the starter as a generator if it was used in the hybrid scheme mentioned earlier. Typically an average starter motor is designed for intermittent utilization that will prevent it being utilized as a generator.
Hence, the electrical parts are intended to work for around under thirty seconds so as to prevent overheating. The overheating results from very slow dissipation of heat due to ohmic losses. The electrical parts are intended to save weight and cost. This is the reason nearly all owner's instruction manuals meant for vehicles suggest the driver to stop for at least 10 seconds after every 10 or 15 seconds of cranking the engine, when trying to start an engine which does not turn over right away.
During the early 1960s, this overrunning-clutch pinion arrangement was phased onto the market. Prior to that time, a Bendix drive was used. The Bendix system functions by placing the starter drive pinion on a helically cut driveshaft. Once the starter motor begins turning, the inertia of the drive pinion assembly enables it to ride forward on the helix, therefore engaging with the ring gear. Once the engine starts, the backdrive caused from the ring gear allows the pinion to go beyond the rotating speed of the starter. At this instant, the drive pinion is forced back down the helical shaft and hence out of mesh with the ring gear.
The development of Bendix drive was developed during the 1930's with the overrunning-clutch design called the Bendix Folo-Thru drive, made and introduced during the 1960s. The Folo-Thru drive consists of a latching mechanism along with a set of flyweights inside the body of the drive unit. This was much better because the typical Bendix drive used so as to disengage from the ring as soon as the engine fired, though it did not stay running.
The drive unit if force forward by inertia on the helical shaft as soon as the starter motor is engaged and begins turning. Then the starter motor becomes latched into the engaged position. When the drive unit is spun at a speed higher than what is achieved by the starter motor itself, for instance it is backdriven by the running engine, and afterward the flyweights pull outward in a radial manner. This releases the latch and enables the overdriven drive unit to become spun out of engagement, therefore unwanted starter disengagement could be avoided prior to a successful engine start.